The Structure of an Argument

1. Statement: presenting the main claim
2. Logic: supporting the claim with rational thought
3. Evidence: providing factual backing
4. Reasoning: connecting evidence to the claim
5. Counter-argument: acknowledging opposing viewpoints
6. Rebuttal: dismantling the counter-argument to strengthen the original position

This sequence (recommended by Prof. Jilani) should run through the body of the essay: a clear statement, supported by logic, evidence, and reasoning, followed by a counter-argument and rebuttal.

Stance (Thesis Statement)

• The foundational line of an essay — it reflects the writer's position on the given prompt
• Avoid bias: do not ignore elements of the prompt (e.g., economy) just to support a preferred side (e.g., politics) — a balanced view is often more effective
• Example: for the topic "Not economy but politics is the key to success," a balanced thesis would be: "Politics, along with economy, shapes the fate of a nation."

Logic, Evidence, and Reasoning

• Logic: the reasoning behind your thesis — explains why your position is valid
  • Example: stable politics lead to stronger decision-making and policy implementation, which directly influences economic efficiency
• Evidence: concrete examples that support your logic
  • Example: Nelson Mandela's leadership in South Africa as a catalyst for democratic transition and economic growth
• Reasoning: further explanation that connects the evidence back to your logic
  • Example: explain how stable political processes create a steady business environment, enforce the rule of law, and increase investment transparency

Counter-Argument and Rebuttal

• Counter-Argument: addressing the opposing viewpoint to show depth of understanding
  • Example: a strong economy can enhance a nation's standing in international affairs (e.g., China)
• Rebuttal: re-asserting your original stance after acknowledging the counter-point
  • Example: clarify that while an economy is important, without political stability, economic projects are prone to failure

Worked Example: "The One Who Uses Force Is Afraid of Reasoning"