References

ABC7 New York (2026) ‘Heat dome will engulf World Cup games in eastern U.S. this week: Here’s what to expect’. Available at: https://abc7ny.com/story/heat-dome-will-engulf-world-cup-games-eastern-us-week-heres-what-expect/19420708/

AirNow (n.d.) AirNow. Available at: https://www.airnow.gov

Atlanta News First (2026) ‘Medical emergencies top 700 at FIFA Fan Festival in Atlanta with temperatures in the 90s’. Available at: https://www.atlantanewsfirst.com/2026/07/01/medical-emergencies-top-700-fifa-fan-festival-atlanta-with-temperatures-90s/

CISA (2026) ‘Preparing for the World Stage’. Available at: https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/news/preparing-world-stage

Esh, C.J., Carter, S., Bougault, V., Girard, O., Janse van Rensburg, D.C., Chrismas, B.C.R., Meyer, T. and Taylor, L. (2026) ‘The 2026 Men’s FIFA Football World Cup: Evidence-Based Guidelines to Protect Player Health and Performance from Environmental Challenges’, Sports Medicine, 56, pp. 1337–1361. doi: 10.1007/s40279-026-02398-4. (DOI)

Esh, C.J., Carter, S., Bougault, V., Girard, O., Janse van Rensburg, D.C., Chrismas, B.C.R., Meyer, T. and Taylor, L. (2026) ‘One Step Further: Integrating Evidence-Based Guidelines into Practice to Address Environmental Challenges at the Men’s 2026 FIFA World Cup’, Sports Medicine, 56, pp. 1363–1380. doi: 10.1007/s40279-026-02415-6. (Springer)

FIFA (2025) ‘Players to benefit from hydration breaks at FIFA World Cup 2026™’. Available at: https://inside.fifa.com/organisation/news/hydration-breaks-world-cup-2026-player-welfare (Inside FIFA)

FIFA (2026) Host city events: New York/New Jersey. Available at: https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/usa/new-york-new-jersey/host-city-events

Fox Weather (2026) ‘Over 100 people suffer heat exhaustion on 2026 FIFA World Cup opening day’. Available at: https://www.foxweather.com/weather-news/over-100-people-heat-exhaustion-2026-fifa-world-cup-opening-day

Harvard Kennedy School Data-Smart City Solutions, Le, S. (2026) ‘Low-Tech Cooling Strategies for Extreme Heat’. Available at: https://datasmart.hks.harvard.edu/low-tech-cooling (Data-Smart City Solutions)

Kimutai, J., Keeping, T.R., Zachariah, M., Barnes, C., Clarke, B. and Otto, F.E.L. (2026) ‘Climate Change Big Player at FIFA World Cup 2026’, World Weather Attribution, 14 May. Available at: https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/climate-change-big-player-at-fifa-world-cup-2026/ (World Weather Attribution)

Koester, M. (2021) ‘Wildfires and Air Quality: Creating Clear Policies’, National Federation of State High School Associations, 10 November. Available at: https://nfhs.org/stories/wildfires-and-air-quality-creating-clear-policies (NFHS)

Lott, N. and Ross, T.F. (1994) A climatological summary for the 1994 World Cup soccer tournament. National Climatic Data Center Technical Report 94-02. Asheville, NC: National Climatic Data Center. Available at: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/13817 (NOAA Institutional Repository)

Lovas, P. and Lambrecht, K. (2025) ‘Sports Stadiums as Community Risk Hubs: The Material, Technical, and Institutional Layers of Mission Ready Venues’, in Tham, J., McMullin, M. and Mckoy, T. (eds.) SIGDOC ’25: Proceedings of the 43rd ACM International Conference on Design of Communication, pp. 97–102. Association for Computing Machinery. doi: 10.1145/3711670.3764625. (ODU Digital Commons)

Mercalli, C., Ghio, F.E., Bonizzato, S., Mantellini, B., Serini, C., Pallavicini, P., Squeo, M.R., Ferretti, A., Murray, A. and Carenzo, L. (2025) ‘Providing medical care at mass gathering sporting events: The 2023 Ryder Cup experience’, BMC Emergency Medicine, 25, 151. doi: 10.1186/s12873-025-01316-7. (Springer)

National Weather Service (n.d.) Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT). Available at: https://www.weather.gov/ict/WBGT

New Weather Institute (2026) Open Letter to FIFA on Heat Stress, Player Welfare and Fossil Fuel Conflicts of Interest. Available at: https://www.newweather.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Open-Letter-to-FIFA-on-Heat-Stress-Player-Welfare-Fossil-Fuel-Conflicts-of-Interest.pdf

Reuters (2026) ‘Fainting at World Cup watch party for Argentina–England match in Rockefeller Center’, Reuters Connect. Available at: https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/fainting-at-world-cup-watch-party-for-argentina-england-match-in-rockefeller-center/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjY6bmV3c21sX01UMVpVTUEwMDA1UkpKRkY

Schwarz, E., Oliveira, C.B., Duarte Muñoz, M., Alanis, A., Alanis, M., Lara, A., Freeze, A., Costa, J.A., Meyer, T. and Duffield, R. (2026) ‘Effects of Pre-cooling and Cooling Breaks on Thermoregulatory, Physiological and Match Running Responses During Football in Moderate and Hot Temperatures’, Sports Medicine, 56, pp. 573–587. doi: 10.1007/s40279-025-02325-z. (Springer)